Rheumatoid arthritis

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes pain and swelling of the joints. The normal role of your body’s immune system is to fight off infections to keep you healthy. In an autoimmune disease, your immune system starts attacking your own healthy tissues. In RA, the immune system targets the lining of the joints, causing inflammation and joint damage. RA usually affects smaller joints, such as the joints in the hands and feet. However larger joints such as the hips and knees can also be affected.

With early diagnosis and the right treatment, most people with rheumatoid arthritis can lead full and active lives.

What are the symptoms?

The symptoms of RA vary from person to person.

The most common symptoms are:

• joint pain, swelling, and tenderness to touch
• stiffness in the joints, especially in the morning
• symmetrical (the same joints on both sides of the body are affected).

What causes it?

It is not known what causes RA. It is more common in people who smoke and/or have a family history of RA.

How is it diagnosed?

Your doctor will diagnose RA from your symptoms, a physical examination and various tests. These can include:

• blood tests for inflammation
• blood tests for antibodies (proteins made by the body’s immune system). Testing for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) and rheumatoid factor can help diagnose RA, although not all people with RA will test positive for these antibodies. See the Blood tests for arthritis information sheet.
• x-rays to see if your joints are being damaged by the disease. X-ray changes are rare in the early stages of RA.

It can be difficult, and often takes time, to diagnose RA as the symptoms can be similar to other types of arthritis. If your doctor suspects you have RA you should be referred to a rheumatologist, a doctor who specialises in arthritis.

What will happen to me?

With early diagnosis and the right treatment, most people with RA can lead full and active lives. However the course of RA varies and no two cases are exactly the same. Many people with RA experience ‘flares’, periods when joints become more inflamed and painful. These can happen with no obvious cause. ‘Flares’ are commonly followed by months or even years when there is little inflammation. RA can cause permanent joint damage and deformity, especially in the first few years of the disease. The good news is that early diagnosis and treatment is shown to limit this type of joint damage.

Is there a cure for rheumatoid arthritis?

Currently there is no cure for RA. However treatment has improved dramatically over the past 20 years, with new medicines now extremely helpful for people in the early stages of RA. Be wary of any products or therapies that claim to cure RA.

What treatments are there for rheumatoid arthritis?

Your rheumatologist will tailor your treatment to your symptoms and the severity of your condition. There is no way of predicting exactly which treatment will work best for you. Your doctor may need to trial several different treatments before finding the one that is right for you and may include:

• medicines, such as
  • non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
  • corticosteroid medicines or injections
  • disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
  • biological DMARDs.

• exercise, to keep the joints flexible and muscles strong.

What can I do?

1. See a rheumatologist as early as possible. A rheumatologist can diagnose RA and make sure you get the right treatment. If you have RA and have not seen a rheumatologist, ask your doctor about a referral.
2. Learn about RA and play an active role in your treatment. Not all information you read or hear about is trustworthy so always talk to your doctor or healthcare team about treatments you are thinking about trying. Reliable sources of further information are also listed in the section below. Self management courses aim to help you develop skills to be actively involved in your healthcare. Contact your local Arthritis Office for details of these courses.
3. Learn ways to manage pain.
4. Live a healthy life. Stay physically active, eat a healthy diet, stop smoking and reduce stress to help your overall health and wellbeing.
5. Learn how to protect your joints and cope with tiredness.
6. Acknowledge your feelings and seek support. As there is currently no cure for RA and it can affect many parts of your life, it is natural to feel scared, frustrated, sad and sometimes angry. Be aware of these feelings and get help if they start affecting your daily life.

Arthritis Australia has launched a new Consumer Care Guide for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) funded by the Australian Government. Co-designed with people living with RA, the Guide is intended to empower you to manage your condition and navigate the health system. It includes tips for every stage of your life. The Guide also introduces the first Australian RA Clinical Care Standard, what they mean for your care, and how you can advocate to improve care.

To read Arthritis Australia’s media release, click here.

Books:
Newman, Eric D & Matzko, Cynthia K 2007, Rheumatoid arthritis: FAQs, BC Decker Inc, Hamilton, Ontario. Websites:
Australian Rheumatology Association , Arthritis Research UK , American College of Rheumatology , Arthritis Foundation (US)